diff --git a/.DS_Store b/.DS_Store
index 2b2a356..5f0cbf7 100644
Binary files a/.DS_Store and b/.DS_Store differ
diff --git a/docmd/architecture/rebuild_filter.md b/docmd/architecture/rebuild_filter.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..443aa75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docmd/architecture/rebuild_filter.md
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# Rebuild / filter — column-first design
+
+## Problem with the current two-pass design
+
+`rebuild_partition` currently makes **two full passes** over source data:
+
+**Pass 1** — read unitigs → MPHF lookup (source) → read row (108 values) → apply filter → push kmer into `GraphDeBruijn`, **discard row**.
+
+**Pass 2** — read unitigs again → MPHF lookup again → read row again → for each passing kmer, look up slot in new MPHF → fill column builders.
+
+Both passes do random access into the source matrix: for each kmer, the MPHF returns a slot, then we read 108 values scattered across 108 column positions. This is cache-hostile even with a packed matrix (`.pbmx`), because the matrix is column-major: consecutive row reads jump across the file.
+
+## Memory budget
+
+The `keep` bitvector costs **1 bit per slot**. With 256 partitions and realistic kmer counts, each partition holds at most a few tens of millions of slots → a few MB per bitvector. Even in the absolute worst case (800 M slots), it stays under 100 MB. This is negligible.
+
+The `slot_map` option (Option B, 8–16 bytes per slot) is heavier but still bounded: at 15 M slots and 8 bytes, that is 120 MB per partition, acceptable for a single worker.
+
+## Key observation
+
+**The filter operates on column values, not on kmers.** A filter like `--max-outgroup-count 0` only needs to know, for each slot, whether any outgroup column is non-zero. It does not need to know which kmer occupies that slot.
+
+This means filtering can be done as a **sequential column scan** that produces a `keep: BitVec[n_slots]` — no MPHF lookups, no kmer knowledge, perfectly cache-friendly.
+
+## Proposed single-scan design
+
+### Step 1 — column scan → `keep` bitvector
+
+```
+for each column c in source matrix:
+    read column c sequentially (one mmap range)
+    update keep[slot] according to filter contribution of column c
+```
+
+For `GroupQuorumFilter` with ingroup/outgroup:
+- ingroup columns: count presence per slot → `ingroup_count[slot]`
+- outgroup columns: `keep[slot] &= (value[slot] == 0)` (early-exit possible)
+
+Result: `keep: BitVec` of size `n_slots`, computed with purely sequential IO.
+
+### Step 2 — unitig scan → kept kmers + new MPHF
+
+```
+for each kmer in unitig files:
+    old_slot = old_MPHF(kmer)
+    if keep[old_slot]:
+        push kmer into new GraphDeBruijn
+        record (old_slot, kmer)   ← or just old_slot in order
+```
+
+Build new MPHF from `GraphDeBruijn` via `materialize_layer`.
+
+### Step 3 — fill new matrix
+
+Two sub-options:
+
+**Option A — from recorded (old_slot, kmer) pairs:**
+
+```
+for each (old_slot, kmer) in recorded list:
+    new_slot = new_MPHF(kmer)
+    for each column c:
+        new_matrix[new_slot, c] = old_matrix[old_slot, c]
+```
+
+Memory cost: `n_kept × (8 + 8)` bytes for `(old_slot: usize, kmer: CanonicalKmer)`.
+For species-specific filters, `n_kept` is small. For unfiltered rebuild, `n_kept = n_slots`.
+
+**Option B — column-by-column copy using old→new slot mapping:**
+
+Precompute `slot_map: Vec<Option<usize>>` of size `n_slots`:
+- For each kmer in unitig file: `slot_map[old_MPHF(kmer)] = Some(new_MPHF(kmer))`
+
+Then for each source column:
+```
+read source column sequentially
+for each slot where slot_map[slot] = Some(new_slot):
+    write value to new column at new_slot
+```
+
+Memory cost: `n_slots × sizeof(usize)` for the slot map (one usize per source slot).
+IO pattern: sequential read of each source column → random write into new column builders.
+
+Option B avoids storing kmer values and works uniformly regardless of filter selectivity.
+
+## Comparison
+
+| | Current | Proposed |
+|---|---|---|
+| Disk reads | 2× unitigs + 2× random matrix | 1× columns (sequential) + 1× unitigs |
+| MPHF lookups (source) | 2× N_kmers | 1× N_kept (step 2) or 0 (option B, col scan only) |
+| Cache behavior | poor (random row access) | good (sequential column scan) |
+| Extra memory | none | slot_map (option B) or (old_slot, kmer) list (option A) |
+
+## Files to modify
+
+- `src/obikpartitionner/src/rebuild_layer.rs` — `rebuild_partition` and `iter_src_layers`
+- Possibly `src/obicompactvec/` — add column iterator API if not already present
+- `src/obilayeredmap/` — check if per-column sequential access is exposed on `SrcLayerData`
+
+## Open questions
+
+- Does `SrcLayerData` expose per-column sequential iteration, or only `lookup(kmer, n_genomes)` random access?
+- For option B: are new column builders writable in random-slot order (i.e. `set_val(slot, value)` without sequential constraint)?
+- For `GroupQuorumFilter` specifically: can the filter be decomposed into independent per-column contributions, or does it need the full row?
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/bitmatrix.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/bitmatrix.rs
index ca1b393..2dbc266 100644
--- a/src/obicompactvec/src/bitmatrix.rs
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/bitmatrix.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ use ndarray::{Array1, Array2};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 
 use crate::bitvec::{PersistentBitVec, PersistentBitVecBuilder};
+use crate::memoryvec::MemoryBitVec;
+use crate::traits::BitSliceMut;
 use crate::layer_meta::LayerMeta;
 use crate::meta::MatrixMeta;
 
@@ -154,6 +156,28 @@ impl PackedBitMatrix {
         &self.mmap[start..start + len]
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn col_persist(&self, c: usize, path: &Path) -> io::Result<PersistentBitVecBuilder> {
+        PersistentBitVecBuilder::from_raw_bytes(self.col_bytes(c), self.n_rows, path)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn col_as_memory(&self, c: usize) -> MemoryBitVec {
+        let bytes = self.col_bytes(c);
+        let n = self.n_rows;
+        let n_words = n.div_ceil(64);
+        let mut words = vec![0u64; n_words];
+        let full = bytes.len() / 8;
+        for (i, chunk) in bytes[..full * 8].chunks_exact(8).enumerate() {
+            words[i] = u64::from_le_bytes(chunk.try_into().unwrap());
+        }
+        let rem = bytes.len() % 8;
+        if rem > 0 {
+            let mut last = [0u8; 8];
+            last[..rem].copy_from_slice(&bytes[full * 8..]);
+            words[full] = u64::from_le_bytes(last);
+        }
+        MemoryBitVec::from_words(words, n)
+    }
+
     fn count_ones_col(&self, c: usize) -> u64 {
         let bytes = self.col_bytes(c);
         let full = self.n_rows / 8;
@@ -343,6 +367,26 @@ impl PersistentBitMatrix {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn col_persist(&self, c: usize, path: &Path) -> io::Result<PersistentBitVecBuilder> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Columnar(m) => PersistentBitVecBuilder::build_from(m.col(c), path),
+            Self::Packed(m)   => m.col_persist(c, path),
+            Self::Implicit { n_rows, .. } => {
+                let mut b = PersistentBitVecBuilder::new(*n_rows, path)?;
+                b.not();
+                Ok(b)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn col_as_memory(&self, c: usize) -> MemoryBitVec {
+        match self {
+            Self::Columnar(m) => MemoryBitVec::from(m.col(c)),
+            Self::Packed(m)   => m.col_as_memory(c),
+            Self::Implicit { n_rows, .. } => MemoryBitVec::ones(*n_rows),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn row(&self, slot: usize) -> Box<[bool]> {
         match self {
             Self::Columnar(m)             => m.row(slot),
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/bitvec.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/bitvec.rs
index cfc26aa..dc95512 100644
--- a/src/obicompactvec/src/bitvec.rs
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/bitvec.rs
@@ -188,6 +188,21 @@ impl PersistentBitVecBuilder {
         Ok(Self { mmap, n })
     }
 
+    /// Create a PBIV file from raw packed bit-bytes, zero-padding to the next word boundary.
+    /// `bytes` is `n.div_ceil(8)` bytes; `n` is the number of bits.
+    pub(crate) fn from_raw_bytes(bytes: &[u8], n: usize, path: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let file_size = HEADER_SIZE + n_bytes_for_words(n);
+        let file = OpenOptions::new()
+            .read(true).write(true).create(true).truncate(true)
+            .open(path)?;
+        file.set_len(file_size as u64)?;
+        let mut mmap = unsafe { MmapMut::map_mut(&file)? };
+        mmap[0..4].copy_from_slice(&MAGIC);
+        mmap[8..16].copy_from_slice(&(n as u64).to_le_bytes());
+        mmap[HEADER_SIZE..HEADER_SIZE + bytes.len()].copy_from_slice(bytes);
+        Ok(Self { mmap, n })
+    }
+
     pub fn build_from(source: &PersistentBitVec, path: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
         fs::copy(source.path(), path)?;
         let file = OpenOptions::new().read(true).write(true).open(path)?;
@@ -217,6 +232,12 @@ impl PersistentBitVecBuilder {
         }
     }
 
+    fn data_words(&self) -> &[u64] {
+        let nw = n_words(self.n);
+        let ptr = self.mmap[HEADER_SIZE..].as_ptr() as *const u64;
+        unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, nw) }
+    }
+
     // SAFETY: same alignment argument as PersistentBitVec::data_words.
     fn data_words_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u64] {
         let nw = n_words(self.n);
@@ -224,41 +245,6 @@ impl PersistentBitVecBuilder {
         unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr, nw) }
     }
 
-    pub fn and(&mut self, other: &PersistentBitVec) {
-        assert_eq!(self.n, other.n, "length mismatch");
-        for (sw, &ow) in self.data_words_mut().iter_mut().zip(other.data_words()) {
-            *sw &= ow;
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn or(&mut self, other: &PersistentBitVec) {
-        assert_eq!(self.n, other.n, "length mismatch");
-        for (sw, &ow) in self.data_words_mut().iter_mut().zip(other.data_words()) {
-            *sw |= ow;
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn xor(&mut self, other: &PersistentBitVec) {
-        assert_eq!(self.n, other.n, "length mismatch");
-        for (sw, &ow) in self.data_words_mut().iter_mut().zip(other.data_words()) {
-            *sw ^= ow;
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn not(&mut self) {
-        let rem = self.n % 64;
-        let words = self.data_words_mut();
-        for w in words.iter_mut() {
-            *w ^= u64::MAX;
-        }
-        // Zero padding bits in the last word so count_ones / jaccard remain correct.
-        if rem != 0 {
-            if let Some(last) = words.last_mut() {
-                *last &= (1u64 << rem) - 1;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Convert a count vector to a bit vector: bit set iff count >= threshold.
     /// Fills u64 words directly from the count iterator — O(n), no bit-level set() overhead.
     pub fn build_from_counts(
@@ -304,3 +290,21 @@ impl PersistentBitVecBuilder {
         self.mmap.flush()
     }
 }
+
+// ── BitSlice / BitSliceMut impls ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+use crate::traits::{BitSlice, BitSliceMut};
+
+impl BitSlice for PersistentBitVec {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize { self.n }
+    fn words(&self) -> &[u64] { self.data_words() }
+}
+
+impl BitSlice for PersistentBitVecBuilder {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize { self.n }
+    fn words(&self) -> &[u64] { self.data_words() }
+}
+
+impl BitSliceMut for PersistentBitVecBuilder {
+    fn words_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u64] { self.data_words_mut() }
+}
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/builder.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/builder.rs
index 32d711f..f2b5326 100644
--- a/src/obicompactvec/src/builder.rs
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/builder.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,36 @@ impl PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Create from a [`MemoryIntVec`], copying primary bytes directly into the mmap.
+    /// O(n) memcpy + O(n_overflow) HashMap clone — no per-slot `set` overhead.
+    pub fn from_memory(src: &crate::memoryintvec::MemoryIntVec, path: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let n = src.len();
+        let file = OpenOptions::new()
+            .read(true).write(true).create(true).truncate(true)
+            .open(path)?;
+        file.set_len((HEADER_SIZE + n) as u64)?;
+        let mut mmap = unsafe { MmapMut::map_mut(&file)? };
+        mmap[HEADER_SIZE..HEADER_SIZE + n].copy_from_slice(src.primary_bytes());
+        Ok(Self {
+            path: path.to_path_buf(),
+            mmap,
+            n,
+            overflow: src.overflow_map().clone(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Create from raw primary bytes + an already-built overflow map (no per-slot overhead).
+    pub(crate) fn from_raw_primary(primary: &[u8], overflow: HashMap<usize, u32>, path: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let n = primary.len();
+        let file = OpenOptions::new()
+            .read(true).write(true).create(true).truncate(true)
+            .open(path)?;
+        file.set_len((HEADER_SIZE + n) as u64)?;
+        let mut mmap = unsafe { MmapMut::map_mut(&file)? };
+        mmap[HEADER_SIZE..HEADER_SIZE + n].copy_from_slice(primary);
+        Ok(Self { path: path.to_path_buf(), mmap, n, overflow })
+    }
+
     /// Copy `source`'s file to `path`, mmap the primary section, load overflow into RAM.
     /// Avoids iterating all n slots: the file copy is OS-level, overflow loading is O(n_overflow).
     pub fn build_from(source: &PersistentCompactIntVec, path: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
@@ -91,39 +121,6 @@ impl PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder {
         self.n == 0
     }
 
-    pub fn min(&mut self, other: &PersistentCompactIntVec) {
-        assert_eq!(self.n, other.len(), "length mismatch");
-        for (slot, other_val) in other.iter().enumerate() {
-            if other_val < self.get(slot) {
-                self.set(slot, other_val);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn max(&mut self, other: &PersistentCompactIntVec) {
-        assert_eq!(self.n, other.len(), "length mismatch");
-        for (slot, other_val) in other.iter().enumerate() {
-            if other_val > self.get(slot) {
-                self.set(slot, other_val);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn add(&mut self, other: &PersistentCompactIntVec) {
-        assert_eq!(self.n, other.len(), "length mismatch");
-        for (slot, other_val) in other.iter().enumerate() {
-            let cur = self.get(slot);
-            self.set(slot, cur.checked_add(other_val).expect("u32 overflow in add"));
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn diff(&mut self, other: &PersistentCompactIntVec) {
-        assert_eq!(self.n, other.len(), "length mismatch");
-        for (slot, other_val) in other.iter().enumerate() {
-            self.set(slot, self.get(slot).saturating_sub(other_val));
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Flush the primary mmap, then write sorted overflow data + index and fix the header.
     pub fn close(self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.mmap.flush()?;
@@ -141,3 +138,16 @@ impl PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder {
         finalize_pciv(&path, n, &entries)
     }
 }
+
+// ── IntSlice / IntSliceMut impls ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+use crate::traits::{IntSlice, IntSliceMut};
+
+impl IntSlice for PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize { self.n }
+    fn get(&self, slot: usize) -> u32 { self.get(slot) }
+}
+
+impl IntSliceMut for PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder {
+    fn set(&mut self, slot: usize, value: u32) { self.set(slot, value); }
+}
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/intmatrix.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/intmatrix.rs
index b563335..91c3b1b 100644
--- a/src/obicompactvec/src/intmatrix.rs
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/intmatrix.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fs::{self, File};
 use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write as _};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ use ndarray::{Array1, Array2};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 
 use crate::builder::PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder;
+use crate::memoryintvec::MemoryIntVec;
 use crate::format::{HEADER_SIZE, INDEX_ENTRY_SIZE, OVERFLOW_ENTRY_SIZE};
 use crate::meta::MatrixMeta;
 use crate::reader::PersistentCompactIntVec;
@@ -194,6 +196,32 @@ impl PackedCompactIntMatrix {
         Ok(Self { mmap, n_rows, n_cols, columns })
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn col_persist(&self, c: usize, path: &Path) -> io::Result<PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder> {
+        let ci = &self.columns[c];
+        let primary = &self.mmap[ci.primary_start..ci.primary_start + self.n_rows];
+        let mut overflow = HashMap::with_capacity(ci.n_overflow);
+        for i in 0..ci.n_overflow {
+            let off   = ci.data_offset + i * OVERFLOW_ENTRY_SIZE;
+            let slot  = u64::from_le_bytes(self.mmap[off..off+8].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+            let value = u32::from_le_bytes(self.mmap[off+8..off+12].try_into().unwrap());
+            overflow.insert(slot, value);
+        }
+        PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder::from_raw_primary(primary, overflow, path)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn col_as_memory(&self, c: usize) -> MemoryIntVec {
+        let ci = &self.columns[c];
+        let primary = self.mmap[ci.primary_start..ci.primary_start + self.n_rows].to_vec();
+        let mut overflow = HashMap::with_capacity(ci.n_overflow);
+        for i in 0..ci.n_overflow {
+            let off   = ci.data_offset + i * OVERFLOW_ENTRY_SIZE;
+            let slot  = u64::from_le_bytes(self.mmap[off..off+8].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+            let value = u32::from_le_bytes(self.mmap[off+8..off+12].try_into().unwrap());
+            overflow.insert(slot, value);
+        }
+        MemoryIntVec::from_primary_and_overflow(primary, overflow)
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn get(&self, col: usize, slot: usize) -> u32 {
         let ci = &self.columns[col];
@@ -442,6 +470,20 @@ impl PersistentCompactIntMatrix {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn col_persist(&self, c: usize, path: &Path) -> io::Result<PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Columnar(m) => PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder::build_from(m.col(c), path),
+            Self::Packed(m)   => m.col_persist(c, path),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn col_as_memory(&self, c: usize) -> MemoryIntVec {
+        match self {
+            Self::Columnar(m) => MemoryIntVec::from(m.col(c)),
+            Self::Packed(m)   => m.col_as_memory(c),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn row(&self, slot: usize) -> Box<[u32]> {
         match self { Self::Columnar(m) => m.row(slot), Self::Packed(m) => m.row(slot) }
     }
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/lib.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/lib.rs
index 8a1e5bb..b3c2ff4 100644
--- a/src/obicompactvec/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ mod builder;
 mod format;
 mod intmatrix;
 mod layer_meta;
+mod memoryintvec;
+mod memoryvec;
 mod meta;
 mod reader;
 pub mod traits;
@@ -13,8 +15,10 @@ pub use bitmatrix::{PersistentBitMatrix, PersistentBitMatrixBuilder, pack_bit_ma
 pub use builder::PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder;
 pub use intmatrix::{PersistentCompactIntMatrix, PersistentCompactIntMatrixBuilder, pack_compact_int_matrix};
 pub use layer_meta::LayerMeta;
+pub use memoryintvec::MemoryIntVec;
+pub use memoryvec::MemoryBitVec;
 pub use reader::PersistentCompactIntVec;
-pub use traits::{BitPartials, ColumnWeights, CountPartials};
+pub use traits::{BitPartials, BitSlice, BitSliceMut, BitToInt, ColumnWeights, CountPartials, IntSlice, IntSliceMut, IntToBit};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "tests/mod.rs"]
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/memoryintvec.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/memoryintvec.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..486a0f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/memoryintvec.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::io;
+use std::ops::{Add, AddAssign, Sub, SubAssign};
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use crate::builder::PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder;
+use crate::traits::{IntSlice, IntSliceMut};
+
+// ── MemoryIntVec ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct MemoryIntVec {
+    primary:  Vec<u8>,
+    overflow: HashMap<usize, u32>,
+    n:        usize,
+}
+
+impl MemoryIntVec {
+    pub fn new(n: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { primary: vec![0u8; n], overflow: HashMap::new(), n }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize { self.n }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.n == 0 }
+
+    /// Construct directly from a pre-built primary array (no overflow — all values < 255).
+    pub(crate) fn from_primary(primary: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        let n = primary.len();
+        Self { primary, overflow: HashMap::new(), n }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_primary_and_overflow(primary: Vec<u8>, overflow: HashMap<usize, u32>) -> Self {
+        let n = primary.len();
+        Self { primary, overflow, n }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn primary_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] { &self.primary }
+    pub(crate) fn overflow_map(&self) -> &HashMap<usize, u32> { &self.overflow }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = u32> + '_ {
+        (0..self.n).map(move |slot| self.get(slot))
+    }
+
+    /// Write to disk and return a writable builder at `path`.
+    pub fn persist(&self, path: &Path) -> io::Result<PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder> {
+        PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder::from_memory(self, path)
+    }
+}
+
+// ── IntSlice / IntSliceMut ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl IntSlice for MemoryIntVec {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize { self.n }
+
+    fn get(&self, slot: usize) -> u32 {
+        match self.primary[slot] {
+            255 => *self.overflow.get(&slot).expect("sentinel without overflow entry"),
+            v   => v as u32,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntSliceMut for MemoryIntVec {
+    fn set(&mut self, slot: usize, value: u32) {
+        if value < 255 {
+            self.primary[slot] = value as u8;
+            self.overflow.remove(&slot);
+        } else {
+            self.primary[slot] = 255;
+            self.overflow.insert(slot, value);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ── From conversions ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<S: IntSlice> From<&S> for MemoryIntVec {
+    fn from(src: &S) -> Self {
+        let mut v = Self::new(src.len());
+        for slot in 0..src.len() {
+            let val = src.get(slot);
+            if val != 0 { v.set(slot, val); }
+        }
+        v
+    }
+}
+
+// ── std::ops — owned (consumes lhs) ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<B: IntSlice> Add<&B> for MemoryIntVec {
+    type Output = MemoryIntVec;
+    fn add(mut self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryIntVec { IntSliceMut::add(&mut self, rhs); self }
+}
+
+impl<B: IntSlice> Sub<&B> for MemoryIntVec {
+    type Output = MemoryIntVec;
+    fn sub(mut self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryIntVec { self.diff(rhs); self }
+}
+
+// ── std::ops — borrowed (clones lhs) ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<B: IntSlice> Add<&B> for &MemoryIntVec {
+    type Output = MemoryIntVec;
+    fn add(self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryIntVec { self.clone().add(rhs) }
+}
+
+impl<B: IntSlice> Sub<&B> for &MemoryIntVec {
+    type Output = MemoryIntVec;
+    fn sub(self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryIntVec { self.clone().sub(rhs) }
+}
+
+// ── std::ops — in-place assign ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<B: IntSlice> AddAssign<&B> for MemoryIntVec {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &B) { IntSliceMut::add(self, rhs); }
+}
+
+impl<B: IntSlice> SubAssign<&B> for MemoryIntVec {
+    fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: &B) { self.diff(rhs); }
+}
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/memoryvec.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/memoryvec.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..102a6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/memoryvec.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+use std::io;
+use std::ops::{BitAnd, BitAndAssign, BitOr, BitOrAssign, BitXor, BitXorAssign, Not};
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use crate::bitvec::PersistentBitVecBuilder;
+use crate::traits::{BitSlice, BitSliceMut};
+
+#[inline]
+fn n_words(n: usize) -> usize { n.div_ceil(64) }
+
+// ── MemoryBitVec ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct MemoryBitVec {
+    words: Vec<u64>,
+    n: usize,
+}
+
+impl MemoryBitVec {
+    pub fn new(n: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { words: vec![0u64; n_words(n)], n }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ones(n: usize) -> Self {
+        let rem = n % 64;
+        let mut words = vec![u64::MAX; n_words(n)];
+        if rem != 0 {
+            if let Some(last) = words.last_mut() { *last = (1u64 << rem) - 1; }
+        }
+        Self { words, n }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_words(words: Vec<u64>, n: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { words, n }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize { self.n }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.n == 0 }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, slot: usize) -> bool {
+        (self.words[slot >> 6] >> (slot & 63)) & 1 != 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn set(&mut self, slot: usize, value: bool) {
+        let bit = 1u64 << (slot & 63);
+        if value { self.words[slot >> 6] |= bit; } else { self.words[slot >> 6] &= !bit; }
+    }
+
+    pub fn count_ones(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.words.iter().map(|w| w.count_ones() as u64).sum()
+    }
+
+    pub fn count_zeros(&self) -> u64 { self.n as u64 - self.count_ones() }
+
+    /// Write to disk and return a writable builder positioned at the same path.
+    pub fn persist(&self, path: &Path) -> io::Result<PersistentBitVecBuilder> {
+        let mut b = PersistentBitVecBuilder::new(self.n, path)?;
+        b.copy_from(self);
+        Ok(b)
+    }
+}
+
+// ── BitSlice / BitSliceMut ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl BitSlice for MemoryBitVec {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize { self.n }
+    fn words(&self) -> &[u64] { &self.words }
+}
+
+impl BitSliceMut for MemoryBitVec {
+    fn words_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u64] { &mut self.words }
+}
+
+// ── From conversions ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<S: BitSlice> From<&S> for MemoryBitVec {
+    fn from(src: &S) -> Self {
+        Self { words: src.words().to_vec(), n: src.len() }
+    }
+}
+
+// ── std::ops — owned (consumes lhs) ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<B: BitSlice> BitAnd<&B> for MemoryBitVec {
+    type Output = MemoryBitVec;
+    fn bitand(mut self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryBitVec { self.and(rhs); self }
+}
+
+impl<B: BitSlice> BitOr<&B> for MemoryBitVec {
+    type Output = MemoryBitVec;
+    fn bitor(mut self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryBitVec { self.or(rhs); self }
+}
+
+impl<B: BitSlice> BitXor<&B> for MemoryBitVec {
+    type Output = MemoryBitVec;
+    fn bitxor(mut self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryBitVec { self.xor(rhs); self }
+}
+
+impl Not for MemoryBitVec {
+    type Output = MemoryBitVec;
+    fn not(mut self) -> MemoryBitVec { BitSliceMut::not(&mut self); self }
+}
+
+// ── std::ops — borrowed (clones lhs) ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<B: BitSlice> BitAnd<&B> for &MemoryBitVec {
+    type Output = MemoryBitVec;
+    fn bitand(self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryBitVec { self.clone().bitand(rhs) }
+}
+
+impl<B: BitSlice> BitOr<&B> for &MemoryBitVec {
+    type Output = MemoryBitVec;
+    fn bitor(self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryBitVec { self.clone().bitor(rhs) }
+}
+
+impl<B: BitSlice> BitXor<&B> for &MemoryBitVec {
+    type Output = MemoryBitVec;
+    fn bitxor(self, rhs: &B) -> MemoryBitVec { self.clone().bitxor(rhs) }
+}
+
+impl Not for &MemoryBitVec {
+    type Output = MemoryBitVec;
+    fn not(self) -> MemoryBitVec { !self.clone() }
+}
+
+// ── std::ops — in-place assign ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<B: BitSlice> BitAndAssign<&B> for MemoryBitVec {
+    fn bitand_assign(&mut self, rhs: &B) { self.and(rhs); }
+}
+
+impl<B: BitSlice> BitOrAssign<&B> for MemoryBitVec {
+    fn bitor_assign(&mut self, rhs: &B) { self.or(rhs); }
+}
+
+impl<B: BitSlice> BitXorAssign<&B> for MemoryBitVec {
+    fn bitxor_assign(&mut self, rhs: &B) { self.xor(rhs); }
+}
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/reader.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/reader.rs
index 057ce29..e4c59e4 100644
--- a/src/obicompactvec/src/reader.rs
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/reader.rs
@@ -353,6 +353,17 @@ impl PersistentCompactIntVec {
     }
 }
 
+// ── IntSlice impl ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+use crate::traits::IntSlice;
+
+impl IntSlice for PersistentCompactIntVec {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize { self.n }
+    fn get(&self, slot: usize) -> u32 { self.get(slot) }
+    fn sum(&self) -> u64 { self.sum() }
+    fn count_nonzero(&self) -> u64 { self.count_nonzero() }
+}
+
 impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a PersistentCompactIntVec {
     type Item = u32;
     type IntoIter = Iter<'a>;
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/bitvec.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/bitvec.rs
index 6b20568..a408e7d 100644
--- a/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/bitvec.rs
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/bitvec.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+use crate::traits::BitSliceMut;
 use crate::{PersistentBitVec, PersistentBitVecBuilder, PersistentCompactIntVec, PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder};
 
 fn make_bv(bits: &[bool]) -> (tempfile::TempDir, PersistentBitVec) {
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/memoryvec.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/memoryvec.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21c12c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/memoryvec.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+use crate::traits::{BitSlice, BitSliceMut, BitToInt, IntSlice, IntSliceMut, IntToBit};
+use crate::{MemoryBitVec, MemoryIntVec, PersistentBitVec, PersistentBitVecBuilder};
+
+// ── MemoryBitVec ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_new_all_zero() {
+    let v = MemoryBitVec::new(10);
+    assert_eq!(v.len(), 10);
+    assert!(!(0..10).any(|s| v.get(s)));
+    assert_eq!(v.count_ones(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_ones_all_set() {
+    let v = MemoryBitVec::ones(10);
+    assert!((0..10).all(|s| v.get(s)));
+    assert_eq!(v.count_ones(), 10);
+    assert_eq!(v.count_zeros(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_ones_no_padding_leak() {
+    // 5 bits: padding bits in last word must stay 0
+    let v = MemoryBitVec::ones(5);
+    assert_eq!(v.words()[0], 0b11111);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_set_get_roundtrip() {
+    let mut v = MemoryBitVec::new(64);
+    v.set(0, true);
+    v.set(63, true);
+    assert!(v.get(0));
+    assert!(!v.get(1));
+    assert!(v.get(63));
+    assert_eq!(v.count_ones(), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_and() {
+    let mut a = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    a.set(0, true); a.set(1, true);
+    let mut b = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    b.set(0, true); b.set(2, true);
+    a.and(&b);
+    assert!(a.get(0)); assert!(!a.get(1)); assert!(!a.get(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_or() {
+    let mut a = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    a.set(0, true); a.set(1, true);
+    let mut b = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    b.set(0, true); b.set(2, true);
+    a.or(&b);
+    assert!(a.get(0)); assert!(a.get(1)); assert!(a.get(2)); assert!(!a.get(3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_xor() {
+    let mut a = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    a.set(0, true); a.set(1, true);
+    let mut b = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    b.set(0, true); b.set(2, true);
+    a.xor(&b);
+    assert!(!a.get(0)); assert!(a.get(1)); assert!(a.get(2)); assert!(!a.get(3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_not() {
+    let mut a = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    a.set(0, true); a.set(2, true);
+    a.not();
+    assert!(!a.get(0)); assert!(a.get(1)); assert!(!a.get(2)); assert!(a.get(3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_not_no_padding_leak() {
+    let mut v = MemoryBitVec::new(5);
+    v.not();
+    assert_eq!(v.count_ones(), 5);
+    assert_eq!(v.words()[0], 0b11111);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_ops_chaining() {
+    let mut a = MemoryBitVec::ones(8);
+    let b = MemoryBitVec::new(8); // all zeros
+    a.and(&b).or(&b).not();
+    assert_eq!(a.count_ones(), 8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_std_ops_owned() {
+    let mut a = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    a.set(0, true); a.set(1, true);
+    let mut b = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    b.set(1, true); b.set(2, true);
+    let c = a & &b;
+    assert!(!c.get(0)); assert!(c.get(1)); assert!(!c.get(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_std_ops_assign() {
+    let mut a = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    a.set(0, true); a.set(1, true);
+    let mut b = MemoryBitVec::new(4);
+    b.set(1, true); b.set(2, true);
+    a &= &b;
+    assert!(!a.get(0)); assert!(a.get(1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_from_persistent() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("v.pbiv");
+    let mut builder = PersistentBitVecBuilder::new(4, &path).unwrap();
+    builder.set(1, true); builder.set(3, true);
+    builder.close().unwrap();
+    let pv = PersistentBitVec::open(&path).unwrap();
+    let mv = MemoryBitVec::from(&pv);
+    assert!(!mv.get(0)); assert!(mv.get(1)); assert!(!mv.get(2)); assert!(mv.get(3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mbv_persist_roundtrip() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("out.pbiv");
+    let mut v = MemoryBitVec::new(8);
+    v.set(2, true); v.set(5, true);
+    let builder = v.persist(&path).unwrap();
+    builder.close().unwrap();
+    let pv = PersistentBitVec::open(&path).unwrap();
+    assert!(pv.get(2)); assert!(pv.get(5));
+    assert_eq!(pv.count_ones(), 2);
+}
+
+// ── MemoryIntVec ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_new_all_zero() {
+    let v = MemoryIntVec::new(10);
+    assert_eq!(v.len(), 10);
+    assert!((0..10).all(|s| v.get(s) == 0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_set_get_roundtrip() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    v.set(0, 42); v.set(3, 200);
+    assert_eq!(v.get(0), 42);
+    assert_eq!(v.get(1), 0);
+    assert_eq!(v.get(3), 200);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_overflow_roundtrip() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    v.set(1, 1000);
+    assert_eq!(v.get(1), 1000);
+    assert_eq!(v.get(0), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_inc_dec() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    v.inc(2); v.inc(2); v.inc(2);
+    assert_eq!(v.get(2), 3);
+    v.dec(2);
+    assert_eq!(v.get(2), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_dec_saturates_at_zero() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    v.dec(0);
+    assert_eq!(v.get(0), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_add_at() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    v.add_at(1, 100); v.add_at(1, 200);
+    assert_eq!(v.get(1), 300);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_min_max() {
+    let mut a = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    a.set(0, 5); a.set(1, 2); a.set(2, 8);
+    let mut b = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    b.set(0, 3); b.set(1, 7); b.set(2, 8);
+    let mut c = MemoryIntVec::from(&a);
+    IntSliceMut::min(&mut c, &b);
+    assert_eq!(c.get(0), 3); assert_eq!(c.get(1), 2); assert_eq!(c.get(2), 8);
+    let mut d = MemoryIntVec::from(&a);
+    IntSliceMut::max(&mut d, &b);
+    assert_eq!(d.get(0), 5); assert_eq!(d.get(1), 7); assert_eq!(d.get(2), 8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_add_diff() {
+    let mut a = MemoryIntVec::new(3);
+    a.set(0, 10); a.set(1, 5);
+    let mut b = MemoryIntVec::new(3);
+    b.set(0, 3); b.set(1, 8);
+    let mut c = MemoryIntVec::from(&a);
+    c.add(&b);
+    assert_eq!(c.get(0), 13); assert_eq!(c.get(1), 13);
+    let mut d = MemoryIntVec::from(&a);
+    d.diff(&b);
+    assert_eq!(d.get(0), 7); assert_eq!(d.get(1), 0); // saturating sub
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_std_ops() {
+    let mut a = MemoryIntVec::new(3);
+    a.set(0, 10); a.set(1, 5);
+    let mut b = MemoryIntVec::new(3);
+    b.set(0, 3); b.set(1, 8);
+    let c = &a + &b;
+    assert_eq!(c.get(0), 13); assert_eq!(c.get(1), 13);
+    let d = &a - &b;
+    assert_eq!(d.get(0), 7); assert_eq!(d.get(1), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn miv_from_persistent() {
+    use crate::{PersistentCompactIntVec, PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder};
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("v.pciv");
+    let mut b = PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder::new(4, &path).unwrap();
+    b.set(1, 42); b.set(3, 1000);
+    b.close().unwrap();
+    let pv = PersistentCompactIntVec::open(&path).unwrap();
+    let mv = MemoryIntVec::from(&pv);
+    assert_eq!(mv.get(0), 0); assert_eq!(mv.get(1), 42); assert_eq!(mv.get(3), 1000);
+}
+
+// ── Cross-type conversions ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[test]
+fn to_bitvec_threshold() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(5);
+    v.set(0, 0); v.set(1, 1); v.set(2, 5); v.set(3, 10); v.set(4, 3);
+    let bv = v.to_bitvec(4); // > 4: slots 2 (5) and 3 (10) pass
+    assert!(!bv.get(0)); assert!(!bv.get(1)); assert!(bv.get(2));
+    assert!(bv.get(3)); assert!(!bv.get(4));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_presence() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    v.set(1, 1); v.set(3, 100);
+    let bv = v.to_presence();
+    assert!(!bv.get(0)); assert!(bv.get(1)); assert!(!bv.get(2)); assert!(bv.get(3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_intvec_roundtrip() {
+    let mut bv = MemoryBitVec::new(8);
+    bv.set(0, true); bv.set(3, true); bv.set(7, true);
+    let iv = bv.to_intvec();
+    assert_eq!(iv.get(0), 1); assert_eq!(iv.get(1), 0);
+    assert_eq!(iv.get(3), 1); assert_eq!(iv.get(7), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_intvec_word_boundary() {
+    // 65 bits: spans two words
+    let mut bv = MemoryBitVec::new(65);
+    bv.set(63, true); bv.set(64, true);
+    let iv = bv.to_intvec();
+    assert_eq!(iv.get(63), 1); assert_eq!(iv.get(64), 1); assert_eq!(iv.get(62), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_bits_accumulates() {
+    let mut count = MemoryIntVec::new(8);
+    let mut b1 = MemoryBitVec::new(8);
+    b1.set(0, true); b1.set(2, true);
+    let mut b2 = MemoryBitVec::new(8);
+    b2.set(0, true); b2.set(3, true);
+    let mut b3 = MemoryBitVec::new(8);
+    b3.set(2, true); b3.set(3, true);
+    count.count_bits(&b1).count_bits(&b2).count_bits(&b3);
+    assert_eq!(count.get(0), 2);
+    assert_eq!(count.get(2), 2);
+    assert_eq!(count.get(3), 2);
+    assert_eq!(count.get(1), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_bits_skips_zero_words() {
+    // Entire first word is zero — should not touch those slots
+    let mut count = MemoryIntVec::new(128);
+    let mut bv = MemoryBitVec::new(128);
+    bv.set(64, true); bv.set(127, true);
+    count.count_bits(&bv);
+    assert_eq!(count.get(0), 0);
+    assert_eq!(count.get(64), 1);
+    assert_eq!(count.get(127), 1);
+}
+
+// ── Comparison operators ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[test]
+fn cmp_gt() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(5);
+    v.set(0, 0); v.set(1, 3); v.set(2, 5); v.set(3, 3); v.set(4, 10);
+    let bv = v.gt(3);
+    assert!(!bv.get(0)); assert!(!bv.get(1)); assert!(bv.get(2));
+    assert!(!bv.get(3)); assert!(bv.get(4));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cmp_geq() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    v.set(0, 2); v.set(1, 3); v.set(2, 4); v.set(3, 1);
+    let bv = v.geq(3);
+    assert!(!bv.get(0)); assert!(bv.get(1)); assert!(bv.get(2)); assert!(!bv.get(3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cmp_lt() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    v.set(0, 2); v.set(1, 3); v.set(2, 4); v.set(3, 0);
+    let bv = v.lt(3);
+    assert!(bv.get(0)); assert!(!bv.get(1)); assert!(!bv.get(2)); assert!(bv.get(3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cmp_leq() {
+    let mut v = MemoryIntVec::new(4);
+    v.set(0, 2); v.set(1, 3); v.set(2, 4); v.set(3, 3);
+    let bv = v.leq(3);
+    assert!(bv.get(0)); assert!(bv.get(1)); assert!(!bv.get(2)); assert!(bv.get(3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn filter_pattern() {
+    // Typical filter: ingroup >= min_count AND outgroup <= max_outgroup
+    let mut ingroup  = MemoryIntVec::new(6);
+    let mut outgroup = MemoryIntVec::new(6);
+    // slot 2: ingroup=3, outgroup=0  → keep
+    // slot 4: ingroup=2, outgroup=1  → drop (outgroup > 0)
+    // slot 5: ingroup=1, outgroup=0  → drop (ingroup < 2)
+    ingroup.set(2, 3); ingroup.set(4, 2); ingroup.set(5, 1);
+    outgroup.set(4, 1);
+    let out_mask  = outgroup.leq(0);
+    let mut in_mask = ingroup.geq(2);
+    let keep = in_mask.and(&out_mask);
+    assert!(!keep.get(0)); assert!(!keep.get(1));
+    assert!(keep.get(2));
+    assert!(!keep.get(4)); assert!(!keep.get(5));
+}
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/mod.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/mod.rs
index 4d2d9ad..c0be93a 100644
--- a/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/mod.rs
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/tests/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 mod bitmatrix;
 mod bitvec;
 mod intmatrix;
+mod memoryvec;
 
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+use crate::traits::IntSliceMut;
+
 use crate::{PersistentCompactIntVec, PersistentCompactIntVecBuilder};
 
 fn roundtrip(values: &[(usize, u32)], n: usize) -> Vec<u32> {
diff --git a/src/obicompactvec/src/traits.rs b/src/obicompactvec/src/traits.rs
index b61e69b..91ee8d8 100644
--- a/src/obicompactvec/src/traits.rs
+++ b/src/obicompactvec/src/traits.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,213 @@
 use ndarray::{Array1, Array2};
 
-/// Column-level weight statistic — total count or presence count per column.
+// ── BitSlice / BitSliceMut ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Read-only view over the u64 word array of a bit vector.
+///
+/// Bit `i` is in `words()[i >> 6]` at position `i & 63`.
+/// Padding bits in the last word are zero.
+pub trait BitSlice {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize;
+    fn words(&self) -> &[u64];
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.len() == 0 }
+    fn get(&self, slot: usize) -> bool {
+        (self.words()[slot >> 6] >> (slot & 63)) & 1 != 0
+    }
+}
+
+/// Mutable view over a bit-vector word array; default methods maintain the
+/// zero-padding invariant on the last word.
+pub trait BitSliceMut: BitSlice {
+    fn words_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u64];
+
+    fn copy_from<S: BitSlice>(&mut self, src: &S) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), src.len(), "BitSlice length mismatch");
+        self.words_mut().copy_from_slice(src.words());
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn and<S: BitSlice>(&mut self, other: &S) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), other.len(), "BitSlice length mismatch");
+        for (w, &o) in self.words_mut().iter_mut().zip(other.words()) { *w &= o; }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn or<S: BitSlice>(&mut self, other: &S) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), other.len(), "BitSlice length mismatch");
+        for (w, &o) in self.words_mut().iter_mut().zip(other.words()) { *w |= o; }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn xor<S: BitSlice>(&mut self, other: &S) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), other.len(), "BitSlice length mismatch");
+        for (w, &o) in self.words_mut().iter_mut().zip(other.words()) { *w ^= o; }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn not(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
+        let rem = self.len() % 64;
+        let words = self.words_mut();
+        for w in words.iter_mut() { *w ^= u64::MAX; }
+        if rem != 0 {
+            if let Some(last) = words.last_mut() { *last &= (1u64 << rem) - 1; }
+        }
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+// ── IntSlice / IntSliceMut ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Read-only access to a compact integer vector (values encoded as u32).
+pub trait IntSlice {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize;
+    fn get(&self, slot: usize) -> u32;
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.len() == 0 }
+    fn sum(&self) -> u64 { (0..self.len()).map(|s| self.get(s) as u64).sum() }
+    fn count_nonzero(&self) -> u64 { (0..self.len()).filter(|&s| self.get(s) > 0).count() as u64 }
+
+    fn lt(&self, threshold: u32) -> MemoryBitVec { self.cmp_scalar(|v| v <  threshold) }
+    fn leq(&self, threshold: u32) -> MemoryBitVec { self.cmp_scalar(|v| v <= threshold) }
+    fn gt(&self, threshold: u32) -> MemoryBitVec  { self.cmp_scalar(|v| v >  threshold) }
+    fn geq(&self, threshold: u32) -> MemoryBitVec { self.cmp_scalar(|v| v >= threshold) }
+
+    fn cmp_scalar(&self, pred: impl Fn(u32) -> bool) -> MemoryBitVec {
+        let n = self.len();
+        let mut words = vec![0u64; n.div_ceil(64)];
+        for s in 0..n {
+            if pred(self.get(s)) { words[s >> 6] |= 1u64 << (s & 63); }
+        }
+        MemoryBitVec::from_words(words, n)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Mutable access; default methods use only `get` / `set` and maintain the
+/// compact encoding invariants on the implementor's side.
+pub trait IntSliceMut: IntSlice {
+    fn set(&mut self, slot: usize, value: u32);
+
+    fn inc(&mut self, slot: usize) -> &mut Self {
+        let v = self.get(slot);
+        self.set(slot, v.saturating_add(1));
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn dec(&mut self, slot: usize) -> &mut Self {
+        let v = self.get(slot);
+        self.set(slot, v.saturating_sub(1));
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn add_at(&mut self, slot: usize, delta: u32) -> &mut Self {
+        let v = self.get(slot);
+        self.set(slot, v.saturating_add(delta));
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn copy_from<S: IntSlice>(&mut self, src: &S) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), src.len(), "IntSlice length mismatch");
+        for s in 0..src.len() { self.set(s, src.get(s)); }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn min<S: IntSlice>(&mut self, other: &S) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), other.len(), "IntSlice length mismatch");
+        for s in 0..other.len() { self.set(s, self.get(s).min(other.get(s))); }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn max<S: IntSlice>(&mut self, other: &S) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), other.len(), "IntSlice length mismatch");
+        for s in 0..other.len() { self.set(s, self.get(s).max(other.get(s))); }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn add<S: IntSlice>(&mut self, other: &S) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), other.len(), "IntSlice length mismatch");
+        for s in 0..other.len() { self.set(s, self.get(s).saturating_add(other.get(s))); }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn diff<S: IntSlice>(&mut self, other: &S) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), other.len(), "IntSlice length mismatch");
+        for s in 0..other.len() { self.set(s, self.get(s).saturating_sub(other.get(s))); }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// For each slot where `bits` is true, increment `self` by 1.
+    /// Skips zero words entirely — O(n_ones) rather than O(n).
+    fn count_bits<B: BitSlice>(&mut self, bits: &B) -> &mut Self {
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), bits.len(), "IntSlice/BitSlice length mismatch");
+        for (w_idx, &word) in bits.words().iter().enumerate() {
+            if word == 0 { continue; }
+            let base = w_idx * 64;
+            let mut w = word;
+            while w != 0 {
+                let bit = w.trailing_zeros() as usize;
+                let slot = base + bit;
+                if slot < self.len() { self.inc(slot); }
+                w &= w - 1;
+            }
+        }
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+// ── IntSlice → MemoryBitVec conversions ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+use crate::memoryvec::MemoryBitVec;
+
+pub trait IntToBit: IntSlice {
+    /// Bit set iff value >= threshold. Consistent with `geq` and `build_from_counts`.
+    fn to_bitvec(&self, threshold: u32) -> MemoryBitVec { self.geq(threshold) }
+
+    /// Bit set iff value >= 1 (slot is present).
+    fn to_presence(&self) -> MemoryBitVec { self.geq(1) }
+}
+
+impl<T: IntSlice> IntToBit for T {}
+
+// ── BitSlice → MemoryIntVec conversion ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+use crate::memoryintvec::MemoryIntVec;
+
+pub trait BitToInt: BitSlice {
+    fn to_intvec(&self) -> MemoryIntVec {
+        let n = self.len();
+        let mut primary = vec![0u8; n];
+
+        // Unpack u64 words: each byte within a word yields 8 output bytes.
+        // Values are always 0 or 1 → no overflow entries needed.
+        let words = self.words();
+        let full_words = n / 64;
+
+        for (w_idx, &word) in words[..full_words].iter().enumerate() {
+            let base = w_idx * 64;
+            for byte_off in 0..8usize {
+                let byte = (word >> (byte_off * 8)) as u8;
+                let out = &mut primary[base + byte_off * 8..base + byte_off * 8 + 8];
+                for bit in 0..8usize {
+                    out[bit] = (byte >> bit) & 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Remaining bits in the last partial word
+        let rem = n % 64;
+        if rem > 0 {
+            let word = words[full_words];
+            let base = full_words * 64;
+            for bit in 0..rem {
+                primary[base + bit] = ((word >> bit) & 1) as u8;
+            }
+        }
+
+        MemoryIntVec::from_primary(primary)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: BitSlice> BitToInt for T {}
+
+// ── Column-level weight statistic — total count or presence count per column.
 /// Additive across layers and partitions; used as denominator in normalised distances.
 ///
 /// `partial_kmer_counts` returns the number of **distinct k-mers** present per
diff --git a/src/obikindex/src/rebuild.rs b/src/obikindex/src/rebuild.rs
index b1a8b5c..83a416d 100644
--- a/src/obikindex/src/rebuild.rs
+++ b/src/obikindex/src/rebuild.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,9 @@ impl KmerIndex {
         fs::File::create(output.join(SENTINEL_INDEXED))?;
 
         let idx = KmerIndex::open(output)?;
+        let t_pack = Stage::start("pack");
         idx.pack_matrices()?;
+        rep.push(t_pack.stop());
         Ok(idx)
     }
 }