src/Cargo.lock

@@ -884,6 +884,7 @@ checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "allocator-api2",
+ "rayon",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1488,6 +1489,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown 0.14.5",
  "obifastwrite",
  "obikseq",
+ "rayon",
  "xxhash-rust",
 ]
 

src/obidebruinj/Cargo.toml

@@ -7,8 +7,12 @@ edition = "2021"
 obikseq = { path = "../obikseq" }
 obifastwrite = { path = "../obifastwrite" }
 ahash = "0.8"
-hashbrown = "0.14"
+hashbrown = { version = "0.14", features = ["rayon"] }
+rayon     = "1"
 xxhash-rust = { version = "0.8.15", features = ["xxh3", "const_xxh3"] }
 
+[features]
+test-utils = []
+
 [dev-dependencies]
 obikseq = { path = "../obikseq", features = ["test-utils"] }

src/obidebruinj/src/debruijn.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ use hashbrown::HashMap;
 use obikseq::k;
 use obikseq::unitig::Unitig;
 use obikseq::{CanonicalKmer, Kmer, Sequence};
-use std::cell::Cell;
+use rayon::prelude::*;
 use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU8, Ordering};
 use xxhash_rust::xxh3::Xxh3Builder;
 
 // ── Types ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Node {
 // ── GraphDeBruijn ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 pub struct GraphDeBruijn {
-    nodes: FastHashMap<CanonicalKmer, Cell<Node>>,
+    nodes: FastHashMap<CanonicalKmer, AtomicU8>,
 }
 
 impl GraphDeBruijn {
@@ -158,24 +159,34 @@ impl GraphDeBruijn {
 
     /// Insert a canonical kmer into the graph. No-op if already present.
     pub fn push(&mut self, kmer: CanonicalKmer) {
-        self.nodes
+        self.nodes.entry(kmer).or_insert_with(|| AtomicU8::new(0));
-            .entry(kmer)
-            .or_insert_with(|| Cell::new(Node::default()));
     }
 
     /// For every node, find its unique right/left canonical neighbour (if any)
     /// and store the nucleotide index in the Node flags.
     ///
-    /// Single pass thanks to Cell interior mutability.
+    /// In production builds, runs in parallel across all nodes (each entry is
+    /// written by exactly one thread). In test builds, runs sequentially to
+    /// avoid propagating thread-local k/m values to rayon worker threads.
     pub fn compute_degrees(&self) {
-        for (&kmer, cell) in &self.nodes {
+        #[cfg(not(any(test, feature = "test-utils")))]
+        self.nodes.par_iter().for_each(|(&kmer, atomic)| {
             let (rc, rn) = count_neighbors(kmer.right_canonical_neighbors(), &self.nodes);
             let (lc, ln) = count_neighbors(kmer.left_canonical_neighbors(), &self.nodes);
-
+            let mut node = Node(atomic.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
-            let mut node = cell.get();
             node.set_right(rc, rn);
             node.set_left(lc, ln);
-            cell.set(node);
+            atomic.store(node.0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        });
+
+        #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-utils"))]
+        for (&kmer, atomic) in &self.nodes {
+            let (rc, rn) = count_neighbors(kmer.right_canonical_neighbors(), &self.nodes);
+            let (lc, ln) = count_neighbors(kmer.left_canonical_neighbors(), &self.nodes);
+            let mut node = Node(atomic.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
+            node.set_right(rc, rn);
+            node.set_left(lc, ln);
+            atomic.store(node.0, Ordering::Relaxed);
         }
     }
 
@@ -206,20 +217,20 @@ impl GraphDeBruijn {
     }
 
     pub fn is_visited(&self, kmer: &CanonicalKmer) -> Option<bool> {
-        self.nodes.get(kmer).map(|cell| cell.get().is_visited())
+        self.nodes.get(kmer).map(|a| Node(a.load(Ordering::Relaxed)).is_visited())
     }
 
     pub fn set_visited(&self, kmer: CanonicalKmer) {
-        if let Some(cell) = self.nodes.get(&kmer) {
+        if let Some(a) = self.nodes.get(&kmer) {
-            let mut node = cell.get();
+            let mut node = Node(a.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
             node.set_visited();
-            cell.set(node);
+            a.store(node.0, Ordering::Relaxed);
         }
     }
 
     /// Returns the single right neighbor of `kmer`, if it exists.
     pub fn the_single_right_neighbor(&self, kmer: CanonicalKmer) -> Option<CanonicalKmer> {
-        let node = self.nodes.get(&kmer)?.get();
+        let node = Node(self.nodes.get(&kmer)?.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
         if !node.can_extend_right() {
             return None;
         }
@@ -229,7 +240,7 @@ impl GraphDeBruijn {
 
     /// Returns the single left neighbor of `kmer`, if it exists.
     pub fn the_single_left_neighbor(&self, kmer: CanonicalKmer) -> Option<CanonicalKmer> {
-        let node = self.nodes.get(&kmer)?.get();
+        let node = Node(self.nodes.get(&kmer)?.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
         if !node.can_extend_left() {
             return None;
         }
@@ -253,7 +264,7 @@ impl GraphDeBruijn {
 
     fn next_unitig_kmer(&self, kmer: Kmer) -> Option<Kmer> {
         let canonical = kmer.canonical();
-        let node = self.nodes.get(&canonical)?.get();
+        let node = Node(self.nodes.get(&canonical)?.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
 
         let direct = kmer.raw() == canonical.raw();
 
@@ -270,8 +281,8 @@ impl GraphDeBruijn {
             canonical.into_kmer().push_left(node.left_nuc()).canonical()
         };
 
-        let cell = self.nodes.get(&next_c)?;
+        let atomic = self.nodes.get(&next_c)?;
-        let next_node = cell.get();
+        let next_node = Node(atomic.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
         if next_node.is_visited() {
             return None;
         }
@@ -287,7 +298,7 @@ impl GraphDeBruijn {
 
         let mut updated = next_node;
         updated.set_visited();
-        cell.set(updated);
+        atomic.store(updated.0, Ordering::Relaxed);
         Some(oriented)
     }
 
@@ -311,6 +322,17 @@ impl GraphDeBruijn {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Merge `other` into `self`.
+    ///
+    /// The caller guarantees that the two graphs have **disjoint** kmer sets —
+    /// this is structurally true when each graph was built from a distinct
+    /// minimizer partition. No conflict resolution is needed: entries are moved
+    /// directly without checking for duplicates.
+    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        self.nodes.reserve(other.nodes.len());
+        self.nodes.extend(other.nodes);
+    }
+
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.nodes.len()
     }
@@ -323,7 +345,7 @@ impl GraphDeBruijn {
 // --- StartIter -----------------------------------------------------------------
 struct StartIter<'a> {
     graph: &'a GraphDeBruijn,
-    nodes: hashbrown::hash_map::Iter<'a, CanonicalKmer, Cell<Node>>,
+    nodes: hashbrown::hash_map::Iter<'a, CanonicalKmer, AtomicU8>,
     suspended: Vec<CanonicalKmer>,
     in_cycle_pass: bool,
 }
@@ -364,7 +386,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for StartIter<'a> {
             };
 
             let node = match self.graph.nodes.get(&current) {
-                Some(c) => c.get(),
+                Some(a) => Node(a.load(Ordering::Relaxed)),
                 None => continue,
             };
             if node.is_visited() {
@@ -439,7 +461,7 @@ fn oriented_next(from: Kmer, to: CanonicalKmer) -> Kmer {
 /// zero or ≥2 existing neighbours.
 fn count_neighbors(
     neighbors: [CanonicalKmer; 4],
-    nodes: &FastHashMap<CanonicalKmer, Cell<Node>>,
+    nodes: &FastHashMap<CanonicalKmer, AtomicU8>,
 ) -> (u8, Option<u8>) {
     let mut count = 0u8;
     let mut first = None;

src/obidebruinj/src/tests/debruijn.rs

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn unitig_roundtrip_linear() {
     g.compute_degrees();
     println!("Les kmers:");
     for (kmer, v) in g.nodes.iter() {
-        println!("{}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&kmer.to_ascii()), v.get());
+        println!("{}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&kmer.to_ascii()), v.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed));
     }
 
     println!("Les unitig:");

src/obikmer/src/cmd/unitig.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ use clap::Args;
 use obidebruinj::GraphDeBruijn;
 use obifastwrite::write_unitig;
 use obikindex::KmerIndex;
+use obisys::{progress_bar, spinner};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
 use tracing::info;
 
 use super::predicate::FilterArgs;
@@ -32,25 +34,37 @@ pub fn run(args: UnitigArgs) {
     info!("unitig: building de Bruijn graph from {n} partition(s) (k={k})");
 
     let filters = args.filter.build_filters(&idx.meta().genomes);
+    let partition = idx.partition();
 
-    // ── Collect all filtered kmers into a single de Bruijn graph ─────────────
+    // ── Phase 1 : collect filtered kmers in parallel ──────────────────────────
-    let mut g = GraphDeBruijn::new();
+    let pb = progress_bar("unitig", n as u64, "partitions");
-
+    let g = (0..n)
-    for i in 0..n {
+        .into_par_iter()
-        idx.partition()
+        .fold(
-            .iter_partition_kmers(i, use_counts, n_genomes, &filters, |kmer, _row| {
+            GraphDeBruijn::new,
-                g.push(kmer);
+            |mut local_g, i| {
-            })
+                partition
-            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+                    .iter_partition_kmers(i, use_counts, n_genomes, &filters, |kmer, _row| {
-                eprintln!("error reading partition {i}: {e}");
+                        local_g.push(kmer);
-                std::process::exit(1);
+                    })
-            });
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-    }
+                        eprintln!("error reading partition {i}: {e}");
+                        std::process::exit(1);
+                    });
+                pb.inc(1);
+                local_g
+            },
+        )
+        .reduce(GraphDeBruijn::new, |mut a, b| { a.merge(b); a });
+    pb.finish_and_clear();
 
     info!("unitig: {} distinct k-mers", g.len());
+
+    // ── Phase 2 : compute degrees (in-memory, no progress needed) ────────────
     g.compute_degrees();
 
-    // ── Enumerate unitigs and write as FASTA ──────────────────────────────────
+    // ── Phase 3 : enumerate unitigs and write as FASTA ────────────────────────
+    let pb = spinner("unitig");
     let stdout = io::stdout();
     let mut out = BufWriter::new(stdout.lock());
 
@@ -59,7 +73,11 @@ pub fn run(args: UnitigArgs) {
             eprintln!("write error: {e}");
             std::process::exit(1);
         });
+        if j % 10_000 == 0 {
+            pb.set_message(format!("{j} unitigs written"));
+        }
     }
+    pb.finish_and_clear();
 
     out.flush().expect("flush error");
 }